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Immunomodulation by Environmental Chemicals

Advances in Molecular Toxicology, ISSN: 1872-0854, Vol: 9, Page: 109-159
2015
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Book Chapter Description

Exposure to different environmental chemicals like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) from natural and anthropogenic activity represents a threat to global human health. Human populations are exposed to these chemicals either through drinking water or through occupational exposure in various industries. Different organ systems are affected to varying degrees following exposure in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In this chapter, we will discuss specific human immune responses as well as immune responses of different mammalian model systems in exposure to three environmental chemicals, As, Cd, and Pb. Although there are conflicting reports about the immunotoxic potential of metals and metalloids, but in general, immunomodulatory action exerted by environmental chemicals is directly dependent on the exposure dose, route, and time. Higher concentrations exert immunosuppressive action. However, at lower concentration, immunostimulatory effects can be observed. The focus of this chapter will be on in vivo and in vitro immune responses to these environmental chemicals, but the potential mechanisms of biological effects exerted by these chemicals will also be discussed.

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