Interleukin-10 receptor signaling promotes the maintenance of a PD-1 int TCF-1 + CD8 + T cell population that sustains anti-tumor immunity

T cell exhaustion limits anti-tumor immunity and responses to immunotherapy. Here, we explored the microenvironmental signals regulating T cell exhaustion using a model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Single-cell analyses identified a subset of PD-1 hi, functionally impaired CD8 + T cells that accumulated in secondary lymphoid organs during disease progression and a functionally competent PD-1 int subset. Frequencies of PD-1 int TCF-1 + CD8 + T cells decreased upon Il10rb or Stat3 deletion, leading to accumulation of PD-1 hi cells and accelerated tumor progression. Mechanistically, inhibition of IL-10R signaling altered chromatin accessibility and disrupted cooperativity between the transcription factors NFAT and AP-1, promoting a distinct NFAT-associated program. Low IL10 expression or loss of IL-10R-STAT3 signaling correlated with increased frequencies of exhausted CD8 + T cells and poor survival in CLL and in breast cancer patients. Thus, balance between PD-1 hi, exhausted CD8 + T cells and functional PD-1 int TCF-1 + CD8 + T cells is regulated by cell-intrinsic IL-10R signaling, with implications for immunotherapy.