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Chapter 2 Exposure to Toxic Metals: Biological Effects and Their Monitoring

Techniques and Instrumentation in Analytical Chemistry, ISSN: 0167-9244, Vol: 4, Issue: PB, Page: 17-93
1989
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The determination of trace elements in biological materials is susceptible to errors, unless special precautions are taken during collection and storage of samples and in the analysis itself. Contamination during collection and processing as well as attenuation of the analyte concentration during storage is avoided, otherwise the results obtained are not valid even though the methods of analysis are extremely sensitive and accurate. Control procedures are applied at all stages for ascertaining the sources of error and eliminating them. Developments in methodology and instrumentation for trace-element analysis have been enormous, whereas developments in quality control and reference materials have not experienced such progress. Various expert committees have emphasized the necessity for quality assurance in trace-element analysis, recommending the development and extensive use of quality control materials, as well as inter and intralaboratory evaluations at the national and international level, to establish whether discrepancies in reported values from various laboratories arise from poor methodology, faulty technique, loss of specimen integrity, or other causes. Advances in biological chemistry and in biochemical toxicology have provided vital tools for the detection and evaluation of minor cellular damage, indicating in some cases only reversible changes that do not have an actual effect on health.

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