Bundle theoretic descriptions of massless single-particle state spaces; how do we perceive a moving quantum particle
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, ISSN: 1751-8121, Vol: 56, Issue: 25
2023
Metric Options: CountsSelecting the 1-year or 3-year option will change the metrics count to percentiles, illustrating how an article or review compares to other articles or reviews within the selected time period in the same journal. Selecting the 1-year option compares the metrics against other articles/reviews that were also published in the same calendar year. Selecting the 3-year option compares the metrics against other articles/reviews that were also published in the same calendar year plus the two years prior.
Example: if you select the 1-year option for an article published in 2019 and a metric category shows 90%, that means that the article or review is performing better than 90% of the other articles/reviews published in that journal in 2019. If you select the 3-year option for the same article published in 2019 and the metric category shows 90%, that means that the article or review is performing better than 90% of the other articles/reviews published in that journal in 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Citation Benchmarking is provided by Scopus and SciVal and is different from the metrics context provided by PlumX Metrics.
Example: if you select the 1-year option for an article published in 2019 and a metric category shows 90%, that means that the article or review is performing better than 90% of the other articles/reviews published in that journal in 2019. If you select the 3-year option for the same article published in 2019 and the metric category shows 90%, that means that the article or review is performing better than 90% of the other articles/reviews published in that journal in 2019, 2018 and 2017.
Citation Benchmarking is provided by Scopus and SciVal and is different from the metrics context provided by PlumX Metrics.
Article Description
Recently, a bundle theoretic description of massive single-particle state spaces, which is better suited for Relativistic Quantum Information Theory than the ordinary Hilbert space description, has been suggested. However, the mathematical framework presented in that work does not apply to massless particles. It is because, unlike massive particles, massless particles cannot assume the zero momentum state and hence the mass shell associated with massless particles has non-trivial cohomology. To overcome this difficulty, this paper suggests a new framework that can be applied to massless particles. Applications to the cases of massless particles with spin-1 and 2, namely photon and graviton, will reveal that the field equations, the gauge conditions, and the gauge freedoms of Electromagnetism and General Relativity naturally arise as manifestations of an inertial observer’s perception of the internal quantum states of a photon and a graviton, respectively. Finally, we show that gauge freedom is exhibited by all massless particles, except those with spin-0 and 1/2.
Bibliographic Details
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85160519254&origin=inward; http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/acd5bc; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1751-8121/acd5bc; https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/acd5bc; https://validate.perfdrive.com/fb803c746e9148689b3984a31fccd902/?ssa=7a21d059-64c0-4529-aeff-dbcbb07f1ac4&ssb=10991206700&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1088%2F1751-8121%2Facd5bc&ssi=dad560ba-8427-4413-8e3a-c0dbade85f6d&ssk=support@shieldsquare.com&ssm=0366925317086153641478726401881973&ssn=d3299dbc876aac78ce49ede18e3fa2e0c6807e0cefdd-4cfc-4bbb-813eb6&sso=260fbd02-43021bd394882a61b40b30898373713a6ce6089c583685bf&ssp=40764964461714262246171446547819857&ssq=32194780379360786935758034628527576100312&ssr=NTIuMy4yMTcuMjU0&sst=com.plumanalytics&ssu=&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=eyJyZCI6ImlvcC5vcmciLCJ1em14IjoiN2Y5MDAwNGZmYWY2NjctOTQ1MC00Mzg2LThmY2YtZDRjOTdmMmYzZTkzMy0xNzE0MjU4MDM0Mjg0MTQ1NzU5NDA1LTJkZTNkMTQwNDQ0YzMzZGY0MTQ3IiwiX191em1mIjoiN2Y2MDAwMTU1Y2E4MDAtZmVmYS00M2E2LTgyMWQtYWQwMzhiMzEwNmE4MTcxNDI1ODAzNDI4NDE0NTc1OTQwNC1jMDJlNDgwZDQ4YmNlN2RmNDE0NyJ9
IOP Publishing
Provide Feedback
Have ideas for a new metric? Would you like to see something else here?Let us know