略論《春秋》婦女之義 : 以宋伯姬、息媯、秦穆姬爲例
2020
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Artifact Description
春秋既是禮樂崩壞的紛亂時代,亦是個重建社會秩序,充滿無限可能的時代。在後世森嚴的道德規條下,婦女爲人處事或以三從四德一言蔽之,而春秋時期的女性在相對自由的社會狀態下有更多可塑性。從《春秋》敘事書法可見君子以及世人對當時人事的看法,左傳所釋《春秋》書法更時有獨立評論,由此可窺探當時的婦女之義。本文以「春秋婦女之義」爲題,從《春秋》、《春秋左傳》、《春秋公羊傳》及《春秋穀梁傳》之敘事筆法,微言大義爲對象,以宋伯姬、息媯、秦穆姬爲例,管窺當時婦女之義。《春秋》及其三傳記錄不少婦女事蹟,通過對不同事件的記載與否、事件剪裁及評論等,所表現的故事不同,呈現出的婦女之義亦有異同。《春秋》、《公羊》、《穀梁》都把焦點集中在婦女自身的言行是否合禮儀,以顯示其婦義。而《左傳》則重視後果,以大局爲重,當中可見其欲婦女求生,而非倡其殉節而死。因爲婦女顧全大局行事比起捨生取義更難得。一死了之容易,能堅守婦義及帶來正面的政治影響較難。縱婦女當以守禮全節爲婦義,然而大是大非前當竭力倡揚正道,這是《左傳》中特別的婦女之義。其通過着筆局勢大事,呈現婦女對政局的影響,更看重婦女與時事的聯繫以及影響。因此,《左傳》體現之婦義之標準和內涵更廣闊多樣。
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