Fusion models and "Fusioning" in parkinsonism: Protection and restoration by exercise

Fusion models, or the "fusioning" of models, of Parkinson's disease (PD) to attain the sufficiency of disorder etiopathogenesis have spurred the development of laboratory models incorporating neurotoxin treatments in combination with genetic manipulations of animals studied. The present review describes fusion from two directions: (i) through the fusioning of neurotoxin and genetic models, and, It was observed that wheel-running exercise (four 30-min sessions/week) attenuated the motor deficits, both assessed as distance run in the running wheels and as locomotor, rearing and total activity counts in the motor activity test chambers, and the dopamine (DA) loss induced by the DA neurotoxin, MPTP compared with the no exercise MPTP group (one 30-min session/week).