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Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Assessment of Salt Affected Soils for Management in Large Scale Soil Survey

Environmental Science and Engineering, ISSN: 1863-5539, Page: 131-161
2022
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Book Chapter Description

Salt-affected soils are most common land degradation processes in arid and semi-arid regions, where evaporation exceeds precipitation. Under such climatic conditions, the soluble salts are accumulates in the soil influence the soil properties and crop productivity as well. Therefore, mapping of saline and sodic soils is essential for understanding the soil resource for sustainable use and management. The extent of primary salt-affected soils in the world is about 955 Mha, as secondary salinization affects some 77 Mha out of which 58% are in irrigated areas. Estimates reveal that nearly 20% of all irrigated land is salt-affected, and the proportion tends to increase in spite of reclamation. Hence careful monitoring of the soil salinity and sodicity status is required for change detection and identification of hotspot areas for arresting the soil degradation. Remote sensing has surpassed the traditional method of assessing the soil salinity and sodicity areas offering more rapid and informative assessment techniques for monitoring and mapping. Multi-temporal, optical and microwave remote sensing has significant role in detecting temporal and spatial changes of salt-related surface features. Airborne geophysics and ground based electromagnetic induction meters, combined with ground truth data, have shown potential for mapping depth of salinity occurrence. Recent satellite sensors (e.g., Resourcesat-1, Cartosat-1, IKONOS I, and RISAT-2), along with improved image processing techniques integrated with terrain and other spatial data using a geographic information system, are enabling mapping at large scale. The variations in salt encrustation at the surface imposed by soil moisture variation, water logging, vegetative barrier, and dynamics of subsurface salts present constraints could be overcome through recent satellite sensors and mapped by using spatial techniques for better management.

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