Progress in new markers for diabetes infl ammation

Biochemical markers indicative of disease and cellular processes in diabetes are surveyed against existing clinical utility. Markers are categorized by indications for hyperglycemic stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The adipokines and fatty acid metabolism markers are further surveyed as diabetic stress measures during obesity. Inflammation markers are separated by those indicative of adipose stress, those providing insight into endothelial dysfunction, and those indicating innate immunity activation. Prognostic and diagnostic values are compared to state of art and ideal marker needs. Markers are separated further by key cellular pathways and pathologies. Interactions between tissues are related as a systematic approach to diabetic disease and to common therapeutic approaches. Markers of proven utility are identified along new avenues of clinical and biologic research. While new markers have uncovered factors in insulin metabolism and innate immune activation, there still remains considerable room for improvement, and there remains an unmet need for better identification of progression and monitoring of the repair processes.