Robotic-Assisted Endoscopic Laminotomy

The growth and uptake of spinal endoscopy outside of Asia and Europe has been relatively slow, due to challenges associated with its steep learning curve and lack of supporting infrastructure. Nonetheless, as the literature continues to reflect the equivalency of endoscopic approaches and traditional open approaches, it is projected that the demand for endoscopic spinal surgery from both physicians and patients alike will grow. In view of these trends, developments that enhance the anatomic accuracy and ergonomics of endoscopic spinal approaches are needed. This chapter describes a methodology of using robotic assistance in the setting of spinal endoscopy to define a highly accurate laminotomy in the setting of lumbar disc pathology.