Association between ultra-processed food and snacking behavior in Brazil

Purpose: Ultra-processed food may play a role in facilitating snacking behavior because of their convenience and low satiety potential. This study aimed to describe the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods and frequency of snacking. Methods: We analyzed data from 46,164 participants (≥ 10 years old) in the 2017–2018 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. Dietary data were collected by 24-h dietary recalls over one or two days for each participant. We estimated energy intake, ultra-processed food consumption, and level of snacking. We measured the association between ultra-processed food consumption and level of snacking using multinomial logistic regression, stratified by age group (adolescents, 10–19 years old; adults, 20–64 years old; elders, 65 or older). Results: We found a statistically significant tendency of increased daily energy intake and consumption of snacks and that ultra-processed food consumption was positively associated with the level of snacking for all age groups. For adolescents, adults, and elders in the highest quintile of ultra-processed food consumption as a share of their entire diet, the relative risk ratio (95% CI) of having more than two snacks per day compared to no snacks was 14.21 (9.09–22.21), 4.44 (3.54–5.57), and 4.21 (2.67–6.64), respectively, when compared to the lowest quintile. Conclusion: Higher consumption of ultra-processed food was associated with snacking behavior, and the strength of this association was stronger among adolescents. Efforts to mitigate ultra-processed food attributes that facilitate snacking should be incorporated into strategies to promote healthier food choices, especially among adolescents.