Picornaviridae—the ever-growing virus family

Picornaviruses are small, nonenveloped, icosahedral RNA viruses with positive-strand polarity. Although the vast majority of picornavirus infections remain asymptomatic, many picornaviruses are important human and animal pathogens and cause diseases that affect the central nervous system, the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, heart, liver, pancreas, skin and eye. A stunning increase in the number of newly identified picornaviruses in the past decade has shown that picornaviruses are globally distributed and infect vertebrates of all classes. Moreover, picornaviruses exhibit a surprising diversity of both genome sequences and genome layouts, sometimes challenging the definition of taxonomic relevant criteria. At present, 35 genera comprising 80 species and more than 500 types are acknowledged. Fifteen species within five new and three existing genera have been proposed in 2017, but more than 50 picornaviruses still remain unassigned.