Synthesis and Photocatalytic Activity of Ni–Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Modified Sulphur Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride (SGCN/Ni–Fe LDH) Photocatalyst for 2,4-Dinitrophenol Degradation

In this work, visible light-active sulphur doped graphitic carbon nitride coupled with Ni–Fe layered double hydroxide (SGCN/Ni–Fe LDH) was prepared through co-precipitation procedure using commercially available thiourea, nickel nitrate, and ferric nitrate. The surface morphology characterization showed LDH crystallite growth onto the surface of SGCN, exploiting the delocalized π-electrons of graphitic structure to attain chemical stability. The synthesized photocatalyst exhibited 98% 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) photodegradation within 120 min of visible light irradiations, which was surprisingly high compared to 60 and 55% obtained for bare GCN and Ni–Fe LDH samples. This photo removal efficiency could be due to suitable bandgap energy, layered graphitic and brucite Ni–Fe layered structures, and sufficient pollutant adherence to active sites provided by incorporation of S dopant into bare GCN. The characterization results obtained by cyclic voltammetry graph photoluminescence and electrochemical impedance spectra indicated minimum charge carrier recombination due to the type-II charge transfer route along with an active generation of ⋅O and h as dominant reactive species participating in DNP mineralization into more unaffected inorganic ions. The photocatalytic activity enhanced in an acidic medium at optimized parameters, i.e., pH 4, photocatalyst dosage 50 mg in 50 mL solution, and DNP concentration 1.0 × 10 mol/dm, due to ionic interactions between negatively charged DNP and positive intercalated structure of Ni–Fe LDH. The as-prepared photocatalyst photodegradation ability was retained after 5 catalytic cycles, confirming its environmentally-compatible usage in water treatment.