Distance mapping in three-dimensional virtual surgical planning in hand, wrist and forearm surgery: a tool to avoid mistakes

Purpose: Three-dimensional planning in corrective surgeries in the hand and wrist has become popular throughout the last 20 years. Imaging technologies and software have improved since their first description in the late 1980s. New imaging technologies, such as distance mapping (DM), improve the safety of virtual surgical planning (VSP) and help to avoid mistakes. We describe the effective use of DM in two representative and frequently performed surgical interventions (radius malunion and scaphoid pseudoarthrosis). Methods: We simulated surgical intervention in both cases using DM. Joint spaces were quantitatively and qualitatively displayed in a colour-coded fashion, which allowed the estimation of cartilage thickness and joint space congruency. These parameters are presented in the virtual surgical planning pre- and postoperatively as well as in the actual situation in our cases. Results: DM had a high impact on the VSP, especially in radius corrective osteotomy, where we changed the surgical plan due to the visualization of the planned postoperative situation. The actual postoperative situation was also documented using DM, which allowed for comparison of the VSP and the achieved postoperative situation. Both patients were successfully treated, and bone healing and clinical improvement were achieved. Conclusion: The use of colour-coded static or dynamic distance mapping is useful for virtual surgical planning of corrective osteotomies of the hand, wrist and forearm. It also allows confirmation of the correct patient treatment and assessment of the follow-up radiological documentation.