Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Children and Adolescents

Purpose of Review: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, or PRES, is a constellation of severe, acute hypertension and specific brain imaging findings. This may be caused by failure of the cerebral autoregulatory system to manage acute or severe changes in blood pressure. The incidence in children is unknown but estimated to be more common in children with predisposing factors including renal disease, autoimmune disease, malignancy, solid organ transplantation, stem cell transplantation, hypertension, sepsis, and exposure to certain medications. Recent Findings: Management of PRES includes addressing hypertension, removing offending agents when possible, and anti-epileptic medications. Summary: Most children with PRES recover completely, but recurrence is possible. Lack of resolution of imaging findings likely portends a worse prognosis.