Extending the limit of widespread dispersed Toba volcanic glass shards and identification of new in-situ volcanic events in the Central Indian Ocean Basin

We report the widespread extent of Toba volcanic glass shards in the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Investigation of four sediment cores (7º–17ºS) revealed several shard-rich horizons (SRH) that provide the first detailed tephrochronology for volcanic glass shards in the CIOB. A comparative study of surface sediments floored with Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT), indicate that irrespective of the rate of sedimentation, YTT in the basin is restricted to a depth of <35 cm-bsf. We utilized microtektites (0.77 Ma), associated with the Oldest Toba Tuff (OTT) glass shards, as a proxy for age calculation of the SRH. The results are comparable with well-established ages derived from paleomagnetic and δO methods for the Leg 21 ODP Site 758. The other significant finding of this study includes the first report of Middle Toba Tuff (equivalent to Layer C) and Layer D that are present between YTT and OTT (Layer E) and also Layers G, H, h, I, J, K, L and M. All these layers correspond with those reported for ODP Site 758. Furthermore, two SRH between layers G and H show signatures of localized in-situ phreatomagmatic origin, suggesting that CIOB is apparently more active – tectonically and volcanically than it is presumed.