A cascaded approach for optimal utilization of Magnolia champaca seeds for biofuel and by-products

This research explores the multifaceted applications of Magnolia champaca, encompassing the characterization of vegetable oils and biodiesels for potential use in CI engines. The biodiesel produced from M. champaca is shown to meet ASTM and European standards, albeit with differences in properties compared to conventional diesel. Engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel blends (B10, B20, and B30) are evaluated in a CI engine and compared with diesel. While the blends adhere to standards, performance metrics exhibit lower values for torque, brake power, and thermal efficiency compared to diesel due to differences in density, viscosity, and heating value. CO emissions decrease with engine speed from 2000 to 3000 rpm due to higher in-cylinder temperatures, while they increase from 3000 to 4000 rpm due to reduced oxidation time. Biodiesel blends emit less CO than diesel but have higher NO emissions due to factors like earlier nozzle opening and advanced injection. Additionally, Magnolia champaca de-oiled cake (MCDC) is investigated as a promising feedstock for biofuel production through pyrolysis, broadening the scope of sustainable energy sources. The study unveils the pyrolytic valorization of MCDC, generating bio-oil with superior calorific values (27.52 MJ/kg). The solid co-product, biochar, boasts a high calorific value (27.12 MJ/kg), making it an exceptional choice for use as a solid fuel. Furthermore, its properties, such as a pH of 10.77, render it ideal for various applications, including the treatment of acidic soils. Moreover, an investigation has been carried out to explore the knock-down and mortality effects of a mosquito repellent formulated with MCDC as an active ingredient against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes—significant vectors of various diseases. MCDC repellent showed the highest mortality rate against Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at 30% active ingredient and against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes at 35% active ingredient. Notably, de-oiled seed cakes of M. champaca prove effective in mosquito-repellent formulations, demonstrating the versatility and potential of M. champaca-derived products for various applications.