New strategy for the advancement of modern agriculture through the use of microalgae as biofertilizers

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can lead to an imbalance of nutrients in the soil. The increase in the number of mouths to feed caused by rapid population growth and the reduction in arable land are limiting efforts to ensure nutrition and food security. To meet the demand, we are adding fertilizer for high yields. Fertilizers are substances that provide plants with essential nutrients, mainly phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen. While these fertilizers increase crop yields, they also pose several health risks, which is why consumers prefer biofertilizers. These include the use of symbiotic microorganisms as bio-fertilizers. To meet these challenges, research is recommending different cropping practices to increase productivity and improve agricultural and forestry production. Although chemical fertilizers can increase crop yields in the short term, there are concerns about their long-term effects on the environment, biodiversity, and human health. It is, therefore, crucial to look for more sustainable alternatives, such as organic fertilizers, crop rotation, and other environmentally friendly farming practices. Our research aims to investigate the potential use of microalgae as sustainable biofertilizers. This manuscript outlines the main characteristics of biofertilizers, both foliar and solid, their applicability in agriculture, based on recent research, and the distinctions between chemical and microalgal fertilizers. Graphical abstract: (Figure presented.)