Investigation of thermal energy potential, pyroelectric, and electrocaloric performance of BaCaTiO ceramic

In the current work, the structural, dielectric, and electrocaloric performance of BaCaTiO ceramic synthesized by solid-state reaction route is presented. The structural analysis was examined by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, which confirms the existence of a combined phase of tetragonal structure with P4mm symmetry and orthorhombic structure with Amm2 symmetry. The scanning electron micrograph shows well-defined and pore-free grains. The temperature-dependent dielectric performance shows diffuse phase transition behavior. The temperature-dependent ferroelectric hysteresis behavior was examined under the application of various amplitudes of an applied electric field. The energy storage density, energy loss density, and energy storage efficiency of the composition at different temperature were calculated using the standard formula. The thermal energy potential has been calculated by employing the Olsen cycle. Also, pyroelectric figures of merit (FOMs) for voltage responsivity (F), current responsivity (F), energy harvesting (F), new energy harvesting (Fe∗), and detective (F) were calculated. Adiabatic temperature change, isothermal entropy change, and electrocaloric strength are evaluated using an indirect technique based on the thermodynamic Maxwell's relation.