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GAPDH and Hypoxia

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase (GAPDH), Page: 155-165
2017
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Book Chapter Description

Hypoxia induces defined changes in gene regulation as a means to cope with this physiological stress, most notably in endothelial cells. GAPDH expression during hypoxia is increased in the latter as well as in other cell types. Subcellular localization studies identify cytoplasmic, nuclear, and membrane increases in the GAPDH protein, indicating its multiple hypoxic functions apart from energy generation. Its expression during hypoxia is cell specific with variable extents of induction and kinetics. GAPDH regulation is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors 1α and 2α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α, respectively), which not only determine the extent of induction but also bind to specific hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the GAPDH promoter. Intriguingly, different cell types appear to utilize distinct HREs during hypoxia. Lastly, upstream regulatory mechanisms that control HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression may determine GAPDH induction during hypoxia.

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