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Alternative animal toxicity testing of chemical warfare agents

Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Page: 853-871
2020
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Book Chapter Description

Warfare agents are an enormous safety concern to humans. Alternatives to animal testing, particularly in chemical warfare testing, have been well recognized. The concept of 3Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) has been practiced and its goals have been achieved, where applicable. One key consideration in the application of such methodologies is the validation and reproducible quality of data. In the counterterrorism measures, the “Animal Rule” has been developed and implemented to meet the urgent need due to terrorist attacks. In this chapter, a list of chemical warfare agents, validated alternative methods, the role of 3Rs in countering warfare agents, and advancements in instrumentation and concepts such as “human-on-a-chip” are briefly described. Further, the collaborative effort to advance such an effort by all stakeholders including governmental bodies is mentioned.

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