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Bioinspired ceramics for bone tissue applications

Ceramic Science and Engineering, Page: 111-143
2022
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Book Chapter Description

Nature owns one of the toughest ceramic structures with unique set of properties such as bioactivity, self-healing tendency, remodeling ability, nanocrystallinity, and as an ionic reservoir. These are primarily polymeric matrix composites reinforced with nanosized ceramics. These materials derive such extraordinary characteristics from their nanocrystalline structure and special hierarchical design. These nanocomposites apart from having special hierarchical design also exhibit micro- and macrolevel porosity. This porosity does not only provide pathways for nutrients delivery (angiogenesis) but also deflect propagating cracks to yield extraordinary fracture toughness at low strain rates. The synthesis of these ceramics occurs at the molecular level through self-assembly, which is a unique processing route of nature. In order to develop bone tissue engineering (BTE) scaffolds, scientists need to mimic the hierarchical design of natural bioceramics along with the appropriate material selection. Many efforts have been carried out in the past 2 decades to mimic these natural bioceramics but unfortunately these efforts are insufficient. Most of such efforts have been focused on the selection of the most appropriate material. This chapter discusses such efforts, potential materials, target features for an efficient BTE scaffold, and future possibilities.

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