Tools and techniques used for the characterization of wastewater

Water that comes from household sources, businesses, and agricultural areas is known as wastewater. Around 80% of all wastewater is released into waterways around the world, posing risks to human health, the ecosystem, and the climate. Wastewater contains dissolved and suspended organic materials that are “putrescible” or biodegradable. Prior to discharge, wastewater must be treated. The refractory property is favored by various physiochemical parameters, including hydrophobicity, weight, chemical, and aromaticity functions, according to recent developments tying physicochemical qualities to spectroscopic analyses (UV, UV/Vis Fluorescence, IR, AAS, and ICPMS). To analyses macromolecules in wastewater with minimal sample preparation steps, hyphenated methods using HRMS, FTICR-MS, and NMR have been developed. The microbial community in the water body was identified using quick microorganism analyses like BiOLOG, genomic analysis, metagenomics, and NGS. The focus of the current study is on a variety of contemporary wastewater analysis technologies and how effectively they compare to more conventional approaches. It also identifies potential uses for treated water.