Community-onset Clostridioides difficile infection in south Serbia

Data from the past decade indicates that Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is not only a nosocomial infection but is also increasingly recognized as a disease in the community. We aimed to study community-onset (CO) CDI in the various age groups in south Serbia with its clinical characteristics, risk factors and microbiological characterization. The study group included 93 patients with CO-CDI (median age 62). The control group consisted of 186 patients with community-onset diarrhea and stool samples negative tested for CDI. Of all CDI cases diagnosed with a community onset, 74.19% had a previous contact with a healthcare facility in the previous 12 weeks, but 34.40% have no record on hospitalization in the previous 12 months. Using a multivariate statistical regression model, the following risk factors for CO-CDI development were found; antacid usage (OR = 0.267, 95%C.I.:0.10–0.291, p < 0.01), chronic kidney disease (OR = 0.234, 95%C.I.:0.10–0.51, p < 0.01) and antibiotic use during the prior 2 months (OR = 0.061, 95%C.I.:0.02–0.17, p < 0.01), especially tetracycline's (OR = 0.146, 95% C.I.:0.07–0.22, p < 0.01) and cephalosporin's (OR = 0.110, 95%C.I.:0.14–0.42, p < 0.01). The most common ribotypes (RTs) detected in patients with CO-CDI were RT001 (32.3%) and RT027 (24.7%). All tested toxin producing C. difficile isolates were sensitive to metronidazole, vancomycin and tigecycline. A high rate of resistance to moxifloxacin (73.11%) and rifampicin (23.65%) was found. Patients with CO-CDI had frequently contact with healthcare facility in the previous 12 weeks. Restriction of antacid usage and of high-risk antibiotics in the community may help reduce the incidence of CO-CDI.