Advances and prospects of RNA delivery nanoplatforms for cancer therapy

Modern oncology is rapidly evolving, driven by recent advances in RNA-based therapeutics. As new emerging cutting-edge technology, mRNA vaccines hold excellent promise for encoding immunostimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, neoantigens, and chimeric antigen receptors for T-cell reprogramming. RNA interference tools enable highly effective post-transcriptional gene silencing that has rapidly progressed towards more tailored antitumor treatments targeting key molecular players in tumor progression and drug resistance. The inherent challenges and limitations of RNA-based tools, such as size, low stability and surface charges hindering direct cell entry, along with the short circulatory half-life and rapid clearance, call for new and improved RNA delivery systems enabling enhanced gene delivery. Nanoplatforms, particularly certain types of lipid, polymeric nanoparticles and inorganic nanoparticles, provide designed means to address the challenges of RNA delivery and cellular uptake. This paper explores the challenges and barriers while giving insight into the future perspective of RNA-based cancer therapeutics in the context of delivery nanoplatforms and the challenges during development.