Di- n -butyl phthalate stress hampers compost multifunctionality by reducing microbial biomass, diversity and network complexity

Phthalates are common pollutants in agriculture. Here, the influence of di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP) on multifunctionality of composting was assessed. Results indicated that DBP stress (100 mg/kg) hampered multifunctionality from the thermophilic phase onwards and resulted in a 6.5 % reduction of all assessed functions. DBP stress also significantly reduced microbial biomass ( P  < 0.05), altered microbial composition ( P  < 0.05), and decreased network complexity ( P  < 0.01). Multifunctionality was found to be strongly correlated ( P  < 0.001) with microbial biomass, diversity, and network complexity. In addition, keystone taxa responsive to DBP were identified as Streptomyces, Thermoactinomyces, Mycothermus, and Lutispora. These taxa were significantly ( P  < 0.001) affected by DBP stress, and a correlation between them and multifunctionality was shown. This study contributes to a better understanding of the negative implications of phthalates during composting processes, which is of great significance to the development of new treatment strategies for agricultural waste.