Pyruvate protects mitochondria from oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells

Oxidative stress is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including stroke, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, and has been extensively studied as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Pyruvate, a natural metabolic intermediate and energy substrate, exerts antioxidant effects in brain and other tissues susceptible to oxidative stress. We tested the protective effects of pyruvate on hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) toxicity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells and the mechanisms underlying its protection. Hydrogen peroxide insult resulted in 85% cell death, but co-treatment with pyruvate dose-dependently attenuated cell death. At concentrations of ≥ 1 mM, pyruvate totally blocked the cytotoxic effects of H 2 O 2. Pyruvate exerted its protective effects even when its administration was delayed up to 2 h after H 2 O 2 insult. As a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pyruvate dose-dependently attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced ROS formation, assessed from 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence. Furthermore, pyruvate suppressed superoxide production by submitochondrial particles, and attenuated oxidative stress-induced collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Collectively, these results suggest that pyruvate protects neuronal cells through its antioxidant actions on mitochondria.