Finite element modeling of the complex anisotropic mechanical behavior of the human sclera and pia mater

Accurate finite element (FE) simulation of the optic nerve head (ONH) depends on accurate mechanical properties of the load-bearing tissues. The peripapillary sclera in the ONH exhibits a depth-dependent, anisotropic, heterogeneous collagen fiber distribution. This study proposes a novel cable-in-solid modeling approach that mimics heterogeneous anisotropic collagen fiber distribution, validates the approach against published experimental biaxial tensile tests of scleral patches, and demonstrates its effectiveness in a complex model of the posterior human eye and ONH. A computational pipeline was developed that defines control points in the sclera and pia mater, distributes the depth-dependent circumferential, radial, and isotropic cable elements in the sclera and pia in a pattern that mimics collagen fiber orientation, and couples the cable elements and solid matrix using a mesh-free penalty-based cable-in-solid algorithm. A parameter study was performed on a model of a human scleral patch subjected to biaxial deformation, and computational results were matched to published experimental data. The new approach was incorporated into a previously published eye-specific model to test the method; results were then interpreted in relation to the collagen fibers’ (cable elements) role in the resultant ONH deformations, stresses, and strains. Results show that the cable-in-solid approach can mimic the full range of scleral mechanical behavior measured experimentally. Disregarding the collagen fibers/cable elements in the posterior eye model resulted in ∼20–60% greater tensile and shear stresses and strains, and ∼30% larger posterior deformations in the lamina cribrosa and peripapillary sclera. The cable-in-solid approach can easily be implemented into commercial FE packages to simulate the heterogeneous and anisotropic mechanical properties of collagenous biological tissues.