The role of androgens in sexual health and well-being after menopause: Unmet needs and opportunities

Estrogens have been historically considered as the most relevant ovarian hormones for women's general and sexual health. There is, however, growing evidence regarding the important role played by androgens both at central and peripheral levels. Therefore, this review will focus on the role of androgens, particularly testosterone, in sexual health and general well-being in menopausal women. In the vagina, recent preclinical studies have demonstrated the ability of androgens to positively modulate smooth muscle cell relaxation – fundamental for sexual arousal – and to blunt chronic immuno-inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the female brain is also a crucial sexual organ targeted by androgens. Future research should address the still controversial role of androgens in affecting female cardiovascular risk and several aspects of women's health.