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Properties, phases and microstructure evolution of blended cement containing BOF slag: Effect of two-step carbonation process

Construction and Building Materials, ISSN: 0950-0618, Vol: 458, Page: 139704
2025
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This study combines basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) carbonation with carbonation curing as a two-step carbonation process to eliminate the instability issue of BOFS but also enhance the performance of blended cement and increase CO₂ sequestration efficiency. The effect of carbonation time during the two-step carbonation process on properties was investigated, and the underlying mechanism was discussed through the analysis of phases and microstructure evolution. The results show that semi-dry carbonation converts multiple phases in BOFS into nano- to micrometer-sized calcite, significantly enhancing its soundness. However, excessive carbonation can result in the adhesion of CaCO 3 on the BOFS surface, reducing carbonation efficiency. Early carbonation curing of blended cement not only converts most of CH into CaCO 3 but also significantly reduces the content of C-(A)-S-H and AFt. However, the generated CaCO 3 effectively fills pores, reducing both pore diameter and volume, ultimately enhancing macroscopic properties. Specifically, the compressive strength increases by 12.3 % after 24-hour carbonation curing, while the carbonation depth and water absorption rate decrease by 7.5 % and 21.0 %, respectively. Nevertheless, prolonging carbonation curing may lead to excessive carbonation of hydration products and cement particles, thereby diminishing the enhancement of macroscopic properties. This study demonstrates the efficacy of the two-step carbonation process under appropriate carbonation time, showcasing its potential to not only enhance the properties of blended cement but also increase carbon sequestration efforts.

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