Evaluation of graphenic and graphitic materials on the adsorption of Triton X-100 from aqueous solution

Presently, graphenic nanomaterials are being studied as candidates for wastewater pollutant removal. In this study, two graphite oxides produced from natural graphite with different grain sizes (325 and 10 mesh), their respective reduced graphene oxides and one reduced graphene oxide with nitrogen functional groups were synthesized and tested to remove a surfactant model substrate, Triton X-100, from an aqueous solution. Kinetic experiments were carried out and adjusted to pseudo-first order equation, pseudo-second order equation, Elovich, Chain-Clayton and intra-particle diffusion models. Reduced graphene oxides displayed an instantaneous adsorption due to their accessible and hydrophobic surfaces, while graphite oxides hindered the TX100 adsorption rate due to their highly superficial oxygen content. Results from the adsorption isotherms showed that the Sips model perfectly described the TX100 adsorption behavior of these materials. Higher adsorption capacities were developed with reduced graphene oxides, being maximum for the material produced from the lower graphite grain size (q e  = 3.55·10 −6  mol/m 2 ), which could be explained by a higher surface area (600 m 2 /g), a lower amount of superficial oxygen (O/C = 0.04) and a more defected structure (I D /I G  = 0.85). Additionally, three commercial high surface area graphites in the range of 100–500 m 2 /g were evaluated for comparison purposes. In this case, better adsorption results were obtained with a more graphitic material, HSAG100 (q e  = 1.72·10 −6  mol/m 2 ). However, the best experimental results of this study were obtained using synthesized graphenic materials.