Development of novel MOF-mixed matrix three-dimensional membrane capsules for eradicating potentially toxic metals from water and real electroplating wastewater

The stability and applicability of UiO-66-(NH 2 ) 2 metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully improved in this study by incorporating them into alginate biopolymer during the manifestation of crosslinking agents—calcium chloride and glutaraldehyde—via a simple, environment-friendly, and facile approach to eradicate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) such as Cr 6+, Cr 3+, Cu 2+, and Cd 2+ from water and real electroplating wastewater. Hydrophilic functional groups (i.e., –OH, –COOH, and –NH 2 ) are imperative in the smooth loading of UiO-66-(NH 2 ) 2 MOF- NPs into three-dimensional (3-D) membrane capsules (MCs). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested that UiO-66-(NH 2 ) 2 MOF was effectively bonded in/on the capsule via electrostatic crosslinking between –H 3 N + and –COO −. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed a porous honeycomb configuration of the 3-D SGMMCs (S: sodium alginate, G: glutaraldehyde, M: MOF NPs, and MCs: membrane capsules). The maximum monolayer absorption capacities for Cr 6+, Cr 3+, Cu 2+, and Cd 2+ were 495, 975, 1295, and 1350 mg/g, respectively. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XPS analyses showed that electrostatic attraction and ion exchange were the main processes for PTM removal used by the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs. The as-developed 3-D SGMMCs exhibited outstanding selectivity for removing the targeted PTMs under the specified pH/conditions and maintained >80% removal efficiency for up to six consecutive treatment cycles. Notably, > 60% removal efficiencies for Cr 6+ and Cu 2+ were observed when treating real electroplating wastewater. Therefore, the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs can be used as an exceptional multifunctional sorbent to remove and recover PTMs from real electroplating wastewater.