Morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis as a method to identify undifferentiated spermatogonial cells in adult subjects with Klinefelter syndrome: a cohort study
Fertility and Sterility, ISSN: 0015-0282, Vol: 118, Issue: 5, Page: 864-873
2022
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Article Description
To study the prevalence of spermatogonia in adult subjects with Klinefelter syndrome (KS) using MAGE-A4 and UCHL1 (PGP9.5) immunohistochemistry as markers for undifferentiated spermatogonial cells. We aimed to compare this method to the gold standard of hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining with histologic analysis in the largest reported cohort of adult subjects with KS. A retrospective cohort study. Infertility Clinic and Institute for Regenerative Medicine. This study consisted of 79 adult subjects with KS and 12 adult control subjects. The subjects with KS (n = 79) underwent bilateral testicular biopsy in an initial effort to recover spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The institutional review board approved the use of a portion of the archived diagnostic pathology paraffin blocks for the study. The samples were superimposed onto microscopic slides and labeled with the PGP9.5 and MAGE-A4 antibodies. Subjects (n = 12) who had previously consented to be organ donors via the National Disease Research Interchange were selected as controls. Dedicated genitourinary pathologists examined the H & E-, PGP9.5-, and MAGE-A4–stained tissue for presence of undifferentiated spermatogonia and spermatozoa with the use of a virtual microscopy software. The primary outcome was the presence of MAGE-A4–positive or UCHL1-positive tubules that indicate undifferentiated spermatogonia. Supportive outcomes include assessing the biopsy specimen for the following: total surface area; total seminiferous tubule surface area; total interstitium surface area; the total number of seminiferous tubules; and MAGE-A4– negative or UCHL1-negative tubules. Additionally, clinical information, such as age, karyotype, height, weight, mean testicle size, and hormonal panel (luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone), was obtained and used in a single and multivariable analysis with linear regression to determine predictive factors for the number of UCHL1-positive tubules. The mean age of the subjects in the KS group was 32.9 ± 0.7 years (range, 16–48). UCHL1 (PGP9.5) and MAGE-A4 staining showed that 74.7% (n = 59) and 40.5% (n = 32) of the subjects with KS, respectively, were positive for undifferentiated spermatogonia compared with 100% (n = 12) of the control subjects who were positive for both the markers. Hematoxylin and eosin with microscopic analysis showed that only 10.1% (n = 8) of the subjects were positive for spermatogonia. The mean number of positive tubules per subject with KS was 11.8 ± 1.8 for UCHL1 and 3.7 ± 1.0 for MAGE-A4. Secondary analysis showed 7 (8.9%) adult subjects with KS as positive for spermatozoa on biopsy. The population having negative testicular sperm extraction results (n = 72) showed a spermatogonia-positive rate of 1.4%, (n = 1), 72.2% (n = 52), and 34.7% (n = 25) using H & E, UCHL1, and MAGE-A4, respectively. Further analysis showed that 54 (75.0%) subjects were either positive for UCHL1 or MAGE-A4. Twenty (27.8%) subjects were positive for both UCHL1 and MAGE-A4. Multivariate analysis with linear regression showed no significant correlation between clinical variables and the number of UCHL1-positive tubules found on biopsy specimens. We report a cohort of adult subjects with KS undergoing analysis for the presence of undifferentiated spermatogonia. UCHL1 and MAGE-A4 immunostaining appear to be an effective way of identifying undifferentiated spermatogonia in testicular biopsy specimens of subjects with KS. Despite observing deterioration in the testicular architecture, many patients remain positive for undifferentiated spermatogonia, which could be harvested and potentially used for infertility therapy in a patient with KS who is azoospermic and has negative testicular sperm extraction results. Análisis morfométrico e inmunohistoquímico como un método para identificar células espermatogonicas no diferenciadas en sujetos adultos con Síndrome de Klinefelter: un estudio de cohorte. Estudio Retrospectivo de cohorte. Clínica de Infertilidad e Instituto de Medicina Regenerativa. Este estudio consistió de 79 sujetos adultos con Síndrome de Klinefelter (SK) y 12 sujetos control adultos. Los sujetos con SK (n=79) se sometieron a biopsias testiculares bilaterales en un esfuerzo para recuperar espermatozoides para fertilización in vitro e inyección intracitoplasmática espermática (ICSI). El consejo institucional de aprobación para estudios científicos institucionales aprobó el uso de una porción de los bloques de parafina archivados para este estudio. Las muestras fueron sobrepuestas en laminillas microscópicas y tenidas con anticuerpos PGP9.5 y MAGE-A4. Sujetos (n=12) quienes ya habían dado consentimiento para ser donadores de órganos a través del Intercambio Nacional de Investigación para Enfermedades fueron seleccionados como controles. Patólogos genito-urinarios examinaron las laminillas tenidas con H & E-, PGP9.5-, y MAGE-A4 para la presencia de espermatogonias no diferenciadas y espermatozoides con el uso de un programa de microscopia virtual. El resultado primario fue la presencia de túbulos MAGE-A4 positivos o UCHL1 positivos que indican la presencia de espermatogonias indiferenciadas. Los resultados apoyan la evaluación de la muestra para las siguientes variables: área de superficie total; área total de superficie del túbulo seminífero; superficie total del intersticio; el número total de túbulos seminíferos; y MAGE-A4 negativo o Túbulos UCHL1 negativos. De manera adicional, información clínica, como edad, cariotipo, altura, peso, tamaño medio de los testículos y paneles hormonales (hormona luteinizante, hormona foliculoestimulante y testosterona), fueron obtenidos y utilizados en el análisis individual y multivariable utilizando regresión lineal para determinar factores predictivos para el número de túbulos UCHL1 positivos. La edad media de los sujetos en el grupo de SK fue de 32.9±0.7 años (rango, 16-48). La tinción UCHL1 (PGP9.5) y MAGE-A4 mostró que el 74.7% (n=59) y el 40.5% (n=32) de los sujetos con SK, respectivamente, fueron positivos para espermatogonias indiferenciadas en comparación con el 100% (n=12) de los sujetos control que fueron positivos para ambos marcadores. La hematoxilina y eosina con análisis microscópico mostraron que solo el 10.1% (n=8) de los sujetos fueron positivos para espermatogonias. El número medio de túbulos positivos por sujeto con SK fue de 11.8±1.8 para UCHL1 y 3.7±1.0 para MAGE-A4. El análisis secundario demostró 7 (8.9%) sujetos adultos con SK como positivos para espermatozoides en la biopsia. La población que no tuvo espermatozoides testiculares en la muestra (n=72) mostró una tasa positiva de espermatogonias del 1.4%, (n=1), 72.2% (n=52) y 34.7% (n=25) utilizando H & E, UCHL1 y MAGE-A4, respectivamente. Un análisis adicional mostró que 54 (75.0%) de los sujetos fueron positivos para UCHL1 o MAGE-A4. Veinte (27.8%) sujetos fueron positivos tanto para UCHL1 como para MAGE-A4. El análisis multivariante con regresión lineal no mostró correlación significativa entre las variables clínicas y el número de túbulos UCHL1 positivos encontrados en las muestras de biopsia. Reportamos una cohorte de sujetos adultos con SK sometidos a un análisis para detectar la presencia de espermatogonias indiferenciadas. La inmunotinción con UCHL1 y MAGE-A4 parecen ser una forma efectiva de identificar las espermatogonias indiferenciadas en biopsias testiculares de sujetos con KS. A pesar de observar un deterioro en la arquitectura testicular, muchos pacientes siguen siendo positivos para espermatogonias indiferenciadas, células que podrían ser obtenidas y potencialmente ser usadas para terapias de infertilidad en pacientes con SK que son azoospermicos y que tienen resultados negativos de extracción de espermatozoides testiculares.
Bibliographic Details
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0015028222004642; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.07.015; http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85138800504&origin=inward; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36116982; https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0015028222004642; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.07.015
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