Groundwater quality evaluation of Narmada district, Gujarat using principal component analysis

In the present study, the ground water quality parameters were monitored during pre- and post-monsoon seasons across Narmada district, Gujarat, India. Monitoring was done in 89 drinking water samples collected by grid sampling method from the study area. Uranium and fluoride were analyzed along with associated parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, Cl −, NO 3 −, F −, SO 4 2−, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids and hardness. In 4% samples the fluoride content was found to be above WHO permissible limits of 1.5 mg/L (2.36 mg/L in Undaimandava, 1.55 mg/L in Shira, 3.04 mg/L in Fatehpur and 1.83 mg/L in Dholivav) during pre-monsoon season (PRM) and 4.74 mg/L, 2.41 mg/L, 2.34 mg/L and 3.99 mg/L respectively in Bantawadi, Shira, Undai Mandava and Fatepur villages during post-monsoon (POM). The uranium level was within WHO limits in both POM and PRM seasons. The quality of the water was evaluated by Principal Component and Pearson Correlation statistical analysis techniques. The PRM and POM correlation study indicated a strong correlation of TDS with EC, Chloride, total alkalinity and bicarbonate and U while moderately strong correlation of TDS with fluoride were observed indicating that chloride, total alkalinity, bicarbonate, U and fluoride contributed to TDS and EC. Principal component analysis was applied for 14 variables, from which 3 factors were extracted during PRM and POM seasons. The extracted components, contributed 84.391% and 83.315%, to variation during PRM and POM seasons respectively. The study indicated that the analyzed water samples in Narmada district were safe for drinking purpose. However, Tilakwada tehsil groundwater was observed to be unsustainable for drinking, without further water treatment, but was appropriate for agricultural purposes. The study will help the residents of the district to understand the present water quality status and will also help in future management to protect the ground water of Narmada district.