The preconditioning effect of different exercise training modes on middle cerebral artery occlusion induced-behavioral deficit in senescent rats

Brain abilities decrease after brain stroke in elderly. The neuroprotective effect of exercise training has been proved in clinical trials and animal experiment. Nevertheless, it is not still clear what kind of exercise has greater protective effect. The present study aimed at investigating pre-conditioning effect of endurance, resistance, and concurrent training on learning ability, anxiety, and spatial memory in aged rats following stroke strength with middle cerebral artery occlusion. We used 50 male Wistar rats (age = 24 months) that were assigned randomly in five groups; 1: sham group, 2: Control group 3: Endurance training 4: Resistance training, and 5: concurrent training. The exercise training groups received training for four weeks. Following training, middle cerebral artery occlusion was applied to induce cerebral ischemia. Using the elevated plus maze, shuttle box test, and Morris water maze, neurocognitive functions were tested in the sample rats. It was found that resistance training did not affect spatial memory in the acquisition phase, while concurrent training and endurance training enhanced spatial memory in the acquisition phase. On the contrary, spatial memory was improved by resistance training in the retention phase, while concurrent and endurance exercises did not affect spatial memory in the retention phase. Passive avoidance learning ability at acquisition phase was more in resistance group compared to the endurance and concurrent training in shuttle box test, but in retention phase was similar between training groups. Unlike endurance and concurrent training, resistance training reduced anxiety in senescent rats. All three exercise types alleviated aversive learning and memory impairment induced by stroke in senescent rats. Notably, the resistance training showed a greater protective effect compared to the other two training methods.