The phased chromosome-scale genome of yellowhorn sheds light on the mechanism of petal color change

Yellowhorn ( Xanthoceras sorbifolium ), especially its varieties, is the red petal yellowhorn ( X. sorbifolium var. purpurea ), an important tree species with great ornamental value, and its flower petals change color throughout the flowering period. In this study, we mainly focused on the mechanism of the petal color change with transcriptomics and metabolomics data. A phased chromosome-scale assembly of the red petal yellowhorn genome was generated using the PacBio high-fidelity reads, Illumina short reads, and Phase genomics Proximo Hi-C data. The final de novo assembly yielded 533.67 Mb with a contig N50 of 5.42 Mb, and 27 501 protein-coding genes were predicted. Notably, an alternate haplotig assembly was also obtained. Furthermore, a variation database for the alleles within the genome was constructed. Subsequently, the expression pattern of flower pigmentation-related genes and allelic expression imbalance events were investigated. Apart from 6 genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway regulated by the activation of 15 MYB -bHLH-WD40 s, the increased expression of senescence-related gene 1 ( SRG1 ) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase ( DIOX5 ) might also result in decreasing content of lutein and increasing abundance of (E/Z)-phytoene, cyanidin-3- O -rutinoside, and cyanidin-3- O -sambubioside. These changes in genes and metabolites were most likely related to the petal color change in red petal yellowhorn. This phased chromosome-scale genome assembly provides more accurate genomic information for future molecular breeding and facilitates allele function studies of the red petal yellowhorn.