Heart failure risk in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs

Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases heart failure (HF) risk. Whereas the risk of HF-related hospitalization and mortality are known in the setting of AF, the impact of AF treatment on HF development is understudied. The purpose of this study was to compare HF incidence among AF patients treated with antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) vs catheter ablation (CA). AF patients with 1 prior AAD usage were identified in 2014–2022 Optum Clinformatics database. Patients were classified into 2 cohorts: those receiving CA vs those receiving a different AAD prescription. The 2 cohorts were matched on sociodemographic and clinical covariates using propensity score matching technique. Cox regression model was used to compare incident HF risk in the 2 cohorts. Subgroup analyses were performed by race/ethnicity, sex, AF subtype, and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score. After matching, 9246 patients were identified in each cohort (AAD and CA). Patients receiving CA had a 57% lower risk of incident HF than those treated with AADs (hazard ratio [HR] 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.40–0.46). Subgroup analysis by race/ethnicity depicted similar results, with non-Hispanic White (HR 0.43; 95% CI 0.40–0.46), non-Hispanic Black (HR 0.46; 95% CI 0.35–0.60), Hispanic (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.40–0.70), and Asian (HR 0.46; 95% CI 0.24–0.92) patients treated with CA (vs AAD) having significantly lower risk of HF, respectively. The effect size of CA remained significant in subgroups defined by sex, AF subtypes, and CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc score. AF patients receiving CA had ∼57% lower risk of developing HF than those receiving AAD. The lower risk of HF associated with CA vs AAD persisted across different race/ethnicity, sex, AF subtypes, and CHA2DS2-VASc score.