Advanced Biodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Technologies, Catalysts, Challenges, and Environmental Impacts

Biodiesel presents a compelling alternative to fossil fuels due to its environmental benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, lower toxicity, and biodegradability. This review explores the various stages and technologies involved in biodiesel production. It begins with an overview of feedstock types and oil extraction methods, including mechanical, solvent, and enzymatic extraction. The review then delves into key biodiesel production technologies such as direct use and blending, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis, and transesterification. Special attention is given to the role of catalysts, including homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic types, and their impact on production efficiency. The optimization of production variables and purification methods, such as wet washing, dry washing, and membrane filtration, are also discussed to ensure product quality and industry compatibility. Additionally, the review addresses the environmental impacts and sustainability of biodiesel, highlighting its potential to reduce emissions and contribute to a sustainable energy future. Finally, it examines the scalability of biodiesel production, including technical and economic considerations, and identifies key challenges and solutions for advancing sustainable biodiesel production.