Mechanism and performance evaluation of spent-coffee grounds-derived nanocomposite materials for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutant

The study demonstrates a facile and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing crystalline TiO 2 nanoparticles on the surface of hydrochar generated from readily available biomass waste, i.e., spent coffee grounds (SCGs), using a simple sol–gel process. The hydrochar served as a support for TiO 2, reducing the rate at which electrons and holes recombine during photocatalysis, thereby facilitating the effective binding of TiO 2, enhancing its adsorption capacity, and the convenient separation of the photocatalyst after usage. The materials were tested in the photocatalytic degradation of an organic pollutant, methylene blue (MB) dye. TiO 2 -hydrochar obtained at 210 ⁰C has the best performance, giving a degradation efficiency of 98.5 % and a mineralization efficiency of 87.1 % in 90 min at neutral pH. Radical trapping experiments showed O2.-andh+ being the dominant species, followed by HO.. Besides, it showed superior stability with an activity loss of ∼ 9.2 % after five runs. The superior performance of the HCT210 was ascribed to the enhanced interfacial charge transfer kinetics between the TiO 2 and hydrochar through Ti-O-C bond formation, better light absorption, and the high surface area of the materials. Performance metrics show that synthesized nanocomposites are promising photocatalysts, providing a biomass-assisted method for robust photocatalytic wastewater treatment.