Urinary tract infection in pediatrics: an overview
Jornal de Pediatria, ISSN: 0021-7557, Vol: 96, Issue: suppl 1, Page: 65-79
2020
- 81Citations
- 24,874Usage
- 651Captures
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Metrics Details
- Citations81
- Citation Indexes78
- 78
- CrossRef19
- Policy Citations2
- 2
- Clinical Citations1
- 1
- Usage24,874
- Full Text Views24,646
- 24,646
- Abstract Views228
- 228
- Captures651
- Readers651
- 651
Review Description
This review aimed to provide a critical overview on the pathogenesis, clinical findings, diagnosis, imaging investigation, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and complications of urinary tract infection in pediatric patients. Data were obtained independently by two authors, who carried out a comprehensive and non-systematic search in public databases. Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infection in children. Urinary tract infection in pediatric patients can be the early clinical manifestation of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) or be related to bladder dysfunctions. E. coli is responsible for 80–90% of community-acquired acute pyelonephritis episodes, especially in children. Bacterial virulence factors and the innate host immune systems may contribute to the occurrence and severity of urinary tract infection. The clinical presentation of urinary tract infections in children is highly heterogeneous, with symptoms that can be quite obscure. Urine culture is still the gold standard for diagnosing urinary tract infection and methods of urine collection in individual centers should be determined based on the accuracy of voided specimens. The debate on the ideal imaging protocol is still ongoing and there is tendency of less use of prophylaxis. Alternative measures and management of risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection should be emphasized. However, in selected patients, prophylaxis can protect from recurrent urinary tract infection and long-term consequences. According to population-based studies, hypertension and chronic kidney disease are rarely associated with urinary tract infection. Many aspects regarding urinary tract infection in children are still matters of debate, especially imaging investigation and indication of antibiotic prophylaxis. Further longitudinal studies are needed to establish tailored approach of urinary tract infection in childhood. Esta revisão teve como objetivo fornecer uma visão crítica da patogênese, achados clínicos, diagnóstico, investigação por imagem, tratamento, quimioprofilaxia e complicações da infecção do trato urinário em pacientes pediátricos. Os dados foram obtidos de forma independente por dois autores que fizeram uma pesquisa abrangente e não sistemática em bancos de dados públicos. A infecção do trato urinário é a infecção bacteriana mais comum em crianças. Em pacientes pediátricos, pode ser a manifestação clínica precoce de anomalias congênitas do rim e trato urinário (CAKUT) ou estar relacionada a disfunções da bexiga. A E. coli é responsável por 80–90% dos episódios agudos de pielonefrite adquirida na comunidade, principalmente em crianças. Os fatores de virulência bacteriana e o sistema imunológico inato do hospedeiro podem contribuir para a ocorrência e gravidade da infecção do trato urinário. A apresentação clínica de infecções do trato urinário em crianças é altamente heterogênea, com sintomas que podem ser bastante obscuros. A cultura de urina ainda é o padrão-ouro para o diagnóstico de infecção do trato urinário e os métodos de coleta de urina em centros individuais devem ser determinados com base na precisão das amostras coletadas. O debate sobre o protocolo de imagem ideal ainda está em andamento e há uma tendência a um menor uso da profilaxia. Medidas opcionais e o manejo dos fatores de risco para infecção do trato urinário recorrente devem ser enfatizados. Entretanto, em pacientes selecionados, a profilaxia pode proteger contra infecção do trato urinário recorrente e consequências em longo prazo. Segundo estudos populacionais, hipertensão e doença renal crônica raramente são associadas à infecção do trato urinário. Muitos aspectos relacionados à infecção do trato urinário em crianças ainda são motivo de debate, principalmente a investigação por imagem e a indicação de profilaxia com antibióticos. Estudos longitudinais adicionais são necessários para estabelecer uma abordagem personalizada da infecção do trato urinário na população pediátrica.
Bibliographic Details
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021755719304796; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.006; http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85076253387&origin=inward; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31783012; https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0021755719304796; http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0021-75572020000700065&lng=en&tlng=en; http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0021-75572020000700065&lng=en&tlng=en; http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0021-75572020000700065; http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0021-75572020000700065; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.10.006
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