Constructing antibacterial responsive multi-functionalized agent CSA13 loaded on a hydroxyapatite-TiO 2 nanotube network

Bacterial infections and tissue inflammation are the primary factors responsible for the premature failure of orthopaedic implants developed with titanium and its alloys. This study presents a significant step development of multifunctional implants, which may simultaneously perform drug release, osteoblast adhesion, and eradication of bacteria and biofilm. To overcome the major drawbacks, CSA13-incorporated HA-TiO 2 nanotubes (TNT- HA-CSA13) have been synthesized by anodic oxidation followed by subsequent cathodic deposition of HA and systematically analyzed afterward. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope to investigate the phase formation and microstructure of the sample, respectively. The biocompatibility properties of the layered microstructure were assessed via different in vitro studies, such as wettability, drug release, LDH, gene expressions (RUNX2, COL-1, OCN), and bacterial viability. The antibacterial rate percentage study showed controlled release of CSA13 inhibiting bacterial growth against E. coli. These observations strongly suggest that the substance TNT-HA-CSA13 has the ability to down-regulate the division of osteoclast cells, release drugs, and display antibacterial properties, which helps to increase the proliferation of osteoblasts.