Encefalomielitis diseminada aguda, síndrome de Susac y astrocitopatía anti-PGFA
Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado, ISSN: 0304-5412, Vol: 13, Issue: 78, Page: 4641-4645
2023
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Article Description
La encefalomielitis diseminada aguda (EMDA) es una enfermedad desmielinizante más común en niños que en adultos, a menudo precedida de un proceso infeccioso inespecífico. Típicamente se caracteriza por encefalopatía y síntomas y signos multifocales, y en algunos casos adopta una forma más agresiva como la leucoencefalitis hemorrágica aguda. Un número sustancial de pacientes presentará positividad para IgG-MOG (especialmente en edad pediátrica) y, en menor medida, para IgG-AQP4. La EMDA es habitualmente monofásica, pero las formas recurrentes y/o con seropositividad persistente precisarán inmunomodulación crónica. El síndrome de Susac es una endoteliopatía inflamatoria caracterizada por oclusión de ramas arteriales retinianas, pérdida auditiva y encefalopatía, sin biomarcador conocido y cuyos hallazgos en neuroimagen plantean el diagnóstico diferencial con la esclerosis múltiple. La astrocitopatía antiproteína glial fibrilar ácida (PGFA) puede cursar con meningitis, encefalitis, mielitis, papilitis y epilepsia, tiene carácter paraneoplásico en un tercio de casos y presenta una respuesta exquisita a corticoides. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a demyelinating disease more common in children than in adults, often preceded by a nonspecific infectious process. It is typically characterized by encephalopathy and multifocal symptoms and signs and, in some cases, may take a more aggressive form such as acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis. A substantial number of patients will be positive for IgG-MOG (especially in children), and to a lesser extent for IgG-AQP4. ADEM is usually monophasic, but recurrent and/or persistent seropositive forms will require chronic immunomodulation. Susac syndrome is an inflammatory endotheliopathy characterized by occlusion of retinal arterial branches, hearing loss and encephalopathy, with no known biomarker and with neuroimaging findings amenable to differential diagnosis with multiple sclerosis. Anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (PGFA) can present with meningitis, encephalitis, myelitis, papillitis and epilepsy, is paraneoplastic in a third of cases and has an exquisite response to corticosteroids.
Bibliographic Details
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304541223001178; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.med.2023.04.013; http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85154552954&origin=inward; https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304541223001178; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.med.2023.04.013
Elsevier BV
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