Acanthocephaliasis by Plagiorhynchus sp. (Acanthocephala:Plagiorhynchidae) associated with necrotic enteritis in quetzals ( Pharomachrus mocinno ) maintained in captivity

The present report describes a case of acanthocephaliasis associated with necrotic enteritis in quetzals ( Pharomachrus mocinno ). Three juvenile quetzals exhibited depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers, and sudden death. They were submitted to the laboratory for examination. The birds had hatched and lived in captivity in an aviary in Mexico. Gross lesions observed were hemorrhagic, fibrinoid necrotic enteritis, with acanthocephalans adhered to the intestinal mucosa. The specimens were identified by parasitology, electronic microscopy, and molecular biology as Plagiorhynchus ( Prosthorhynchus ) sp. Lesions compatible with necrotic enteritis were also confirmed by isolation and genotyping of Clostridium perfringens type E. This is the first report of Plagiorhynchus ( Prosthorhynchus ) sp. in quetzals in captivity in Mexico. The findings in this manuscript suggest that this parasite could be a predisposing factor for necrotic enteritis as well as a risk component in the breeding programs and survival of this avian species in captivity.