Antidepressant chronotherapeutics normalizes prefrontal 1 H-MRS glutamate in bipolar depression

Dysfunctional glutamatergic neurotransmission has been proposed both, as a biological underpinning of mood disorder and as a target for rapid-acting antidepressant treatments. Total sleep deprivation and light therapy (TSD + LT) can prompt antidepressant response in drug-resistant bipolar depression. Here we explored the effects of TSD + LT on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) glutamate and/or glutamine+glutamate (Glx) levels. We studied single voxel 1 H-MRS measures of DLPFC Glu and Glx levels of 48 healthy participants and 55 inpatients with a major depressive episode in course of Bipolar Disorder, a subset of which ( N  = 23) underwent three cycles of repeated TSD + LT and were evaluated before and after treatment. Treatment effects of mood and on Glu and Glx concentrations were analyzed in the context of the Generalized Linear Model (GLM), correcting for age, sex and ongoing lithium treatment. Higher concentration of Glu (adjusted Z = −2189, p  = 0,0285) and Glx (adjusted Z = −3,13, p = 0,0017) were observed in BD patients compared to HC. Treatment caused a significant rapid reduction of depressive symptom severity over time (F = 63.98, p  < 0.01). Change in depression levels after TSD + LT treatment was significantly influenced by delta change in Glu levels (LR χ 2  = 4.619, p  = 0.0316) and in Glx levels (LR χ 2  = 4.486, p  = 0.0341). A reduction in Glu and Glx levels associated with depression could contribute to the mechanism of action of TSD + LT, directly acting on glutamatergic neurons, or to the interaction between the glutamatergic system and dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) levels, known to be targeted by TSD. This is in line with several studies showing a glutamatergic modulation effects of antidepressants and mood stabilizing agents. This finding deepens our understanding of antidepressant effect of chronoterapeutics.