Research Note: Xylooligosaccharide directly attenuates Salmonella Typhimurium colonization and its induction of impairments in intestinal barrier and growth performance of broilers

Xylooligosaccharide ( XOS ) is known as a prebiotic, however, it is unknown whether XOS can directly protect against bacterial infection. This study aimed to investigate the direct inhibitory effects of XOS on Salmonella Typhimurium colonization and the inductive impairments in gut health and growth performance in broilers. We first probed the inhibitory effects of XOS on S. Typhimurium adhesion and its induction of intestinal epithelial cell ( IPEC-J2 ) injuries. Afterward, 168 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly divided into 3 groups (7 replicates/group): negative control ( NC, received a basal diet), positive control ( PC, received a basal diet with S. Typhimurium challenge) and XOS group (PC birds + 1,500 mg/kg XOS). All birds except those in NC were orally challenged with S. Typhimurium from 8 to 10 d of age. Parameters were analyzed on d 11. The results showed that XOS inhibited S. Typhimurium adhesion and the inductive injuries of IPEC-J2 cells by lowering ( P < 0.05) certain adhesion-related genes expression of this bacterium. It also alleviated S. Typhimurium-induced increase ( P < 0.05) in the expression of certain inflammatory cytokines and tight junction ( TJ ) proteins of IPEC-J2 cells. Supplementing XOS to S. Typhimurium-challenged broilers attenuated the elevations ( P < 0.05) in S. Typhimurium colonization of ileal mucosa and its translocation to the liver and spleen, as well as increased ( P < 0.05) certain TJ proteins expression of ileum. Besides, XOS addition normalized S. Typhimurium-induced impairments ( P < 0.05) in ileal morphology, final body weight and average daily gain in broilers. Collectively, supplemental XOS directly suppressed intestinal colonization of S. Typhimurium by diminishing its adhesiveness and subsequently mitigated destructions in intestinal barriers, thus contributing to weaken growth retardation in challenged broilers. Our findings provide a new insight into the mechanisms of XOS limiting Salmonella infection in chickens.