Diabète et corticoïdes : nouveautés et aspects pratiques
La Revue de Médecine Interne, ISSN: 0248-8663, Vol: 41, Issue: 9, Page: 607-616
2020
- 7Citations
- 30Captures
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Metrics Details
- Citations7
- Citation Indexes7
- CrossRef1
- Captures30
- Readers30
- 20
- 10
Article Description
La survenue de diabètes induits ou aggravés par les corticoïdes est une situation clinique fréquente qui nécessite parfois un traitement urgent comme l'initiation de l'insulinothérapie. Les corticoïdes induisent une insulinorésistance au niveau du foie, de l'adipocyte et du muscle squelettique ainsi qu'une altération directe de la sécrétion d'insuline. Le développement d'une insulinorésistance et l'absence d'augmentation de l'insulinosécrétion sont des facteurs clefs dans la physiopathologie du diabète induit ou aggravé par les corticoïdes. Parce que le défaut d'adaptabilité de la cellule β pancréatique est en grande partie génétiquement déterminé, les antécédents familiaux de diabète (en particulier de type 2) constituent un facteur de risque important de diabète cortico-induit. Le plus souvent, la corticothérapie est utilisée à forte dose puis diminuée jusqu'à la dose minimale capable de contrôler la pathologie. Le risque de dysglycémie et son intensité vont varier en fonction de la dose et de la durée de la corticothérapie lors de ces ajustements thérapeutiques. Une prise en charge médicamenteuse du diabète est nécessaire en particulier lorsque les glycémies dépassent ≥ 2,16 g/l (12 mmol/l) à plusieurs reprises. L'insulinothérapie est le plus souvent nécessaire lorsque les glycémies dépassent 3,6 g/l (20 mmol/l) avec des symptômes cliniques. Celle-ci pourra néanmoins être relayée ultérieurement par des antidiabétiques oraux lors de la décroissance parallèle des glycémies et de la dose de corticoïdes. Le patient sera éduqué de façon similaire à toute autre forme de diabète en particulier concernant le risque d'hypoglycémie lors de la décroissance et du sevrage de la corticothérapie. Diabetes frequently occurs during corticosteroid treatment, sometimes necessitating urgent therapeutic management, with insulin for example. Corticosteroids induce insulin resistance in the liver, adipocytes and skeletal muscle, and have direct deleterious effects on insulin secretion. The development of insulin resistance during corticosteroid treatment, and the insufficient adaptation of insulin secretion, are key elements in the pathophysiology of corticosteroid-induced diabetes. The capacity of pancreatic β-cells to increase insulin secretion in response to insulin resistance is partly genetically determined. A familial history of type 2 diabetes is, therefore, a major risk factor for diabetes development on corticosteroid treatment. Corticosteroid treatments are usually initiated at a fairly high dose, which is subsequently decreased to the lowest level sufficient to achieve disease control. Pharmacological management of diabetes is needed in patients with blood glucose levels exceeding 2.16 g/l (12 mmol/l) and insulin therapy can be started when blood glucose levels are higher than 3.6 g/l (20 mmol/l) with clinical symptoms of diabetes. Insulin can then be replaced with oral hypoglycemic compounds when both blood glucose levels and corticosteroid dose have decreased. Patient education is essential, particularly for the management of hypoglycemia when corticosteroids are withdrawn or their dose tapered.
Bibliographic Details
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0248866320301910; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2020.05.007; http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85089197148&origin=inward; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32782164; https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0248866320301910; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revmed.2020.05.007
Elsevier BV
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