Hipertensión pulmonar y enfermedad del tejido conectivo, una grave presentación
Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes, ISSN: 0716-8640, Vol: 36, Issue: 1, Page: 31-35
2025
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Case Description
La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es una condición rara con presión arterial pulmonar elevada (>20 mmHg) y resistencia vascular aumentada. Afecta entre 5 y 15 adultos por millón, y provoca disnea, dolor torácico, y riesgo de insuficiencia cardíaca derecha y muerte. A continuación, se describe un caso de presentación grave de hipertensión arterial pulmonar cuyo diagnóstico se establece luego de un paro cardíaco recuperado. Hombre de 48 años que consulta por edemas, presíncope y disnea progresiva de 6 meses de evolución. Sufre paro cardiorrespiratorio por actividad eléctrica sin pulso y luego asistolia, requiriendo reanimación, noradrenalina y ventilación mecánica. El ecocardiograma muestra hipertensión pulmonar severa (presión sistólica arteria pulmonar 59 mmHg) con función ventricular izquierda conservada y dilatación severa del ventrículo derecho. La angiotomografía descarta tromboembolismo pulmonar. Se instaura tratamiento con dobutamina y balance negativo, con mejoría hemodinámica. El cateterismo cardíaco derecho confirma hipertensión pulmonar precapilar. Se inician sildenafil, óxido nítrico y posteriormente, ambrisentán. Los estudios reumatológicos revelan artritis reumatoide con sobreposición Sjögren como probable etiología de la hipertensión arterial pulmonar. El paciente mejora con tratamiento dirigido a su hipertensión pulmonar y prednisona, lográndose suspender ventilación mecánica y darse de alta, manteniéndose estable al mes de seguimiento. La HAP asociada a enfermedades del tejido conectivo, como el síndrome de Sjögren y la artritis reumatoide, es poco prevalente. Los tratamientos incluyen antagonistas de los receptores de endotelina, inhibidores de fosfodiesterasa-5, prostanoides y combinaciones de fármacos. El tratamiento inmunológico adecuado de las enfermedades reumatológicas subyacentes puede mejorarla. En el presente caso clínico, el manejo integral, incluyendo vasodilatadores pulmonares y control de la precarga, fue clave para la recuperación del paciente. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare condition characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressure (>20 mmHg) and increased vascular resistance. It affects 5 to 15 adults per million, causing dyspnea, chest pain, risk of right heart failure and death. Below, we describe a case of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension whose diagnosis was established after a recovered cardiac arrest. A 48-year-old man presented with edema, presyncope, and progressive dyspnea over 6 months. He suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest due to pulseless electrical activity and subsequent asystole, requiring resuscitation, norepinephrine, and mechanical ventilation. Echocardiography revealed severe pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary artery systolic pressure of 59 mmHg), preserved left ventricular function, and severe right ventricular dilation. Computed tomography angiography ruled out pulmonary embolism. Treatment with dobutamine and negative fluid balance improved his hemodynamics. Right heart catheterization confirmed precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Sildenafil, nitric oxide, and later, ambrisentan were initiated. Rheumatologic studies identified rheumatoid arthritis with overlapping Sjögren syndrome as the likely etiology of his pulmonary hypertension. The patient improved with targeted pulmonary hypertension therapy and prednisone, was successfully weaned off mechanical ventilation and was discharged, remaining stable at the one-month follow-up. PAH associated with connective tissue diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis is rare. Treatments include endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, prostanoids, and drug combinations. Appropriate immunological treatment for underlying rheumatologic diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis, may improve PAH. In this case, an integral approach, including pulmonary vasodilators and preload control, was key to the patient's recovery.
Bibliographic Details
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0716864025000069; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2025.01.004; http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?partnerID=HzOxMe3b&scp=85217941622&origin=inward; https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0716864025000069; https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmclc.2025.01.004
Elsevier BV
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