An assessment of L-band surface soil moisture products from SMOS and SMAP in the tropical areas

Recently, large efforts have been made to develop surface soil moisture (SSM) products based on observations from passive microwave L-band satellites at the global scale. Despite vast previous efforts to assess satellite SSM products based on in situ data, the performance of L-band SSM products remains still little known over the tropical areas including the rainforests. To close this knowledge gap, a comprehensive evaluation of five L-band SSM products from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites, including SMOS-IC, SMAP SCA-V, DCA, and MTDCA, as well as the recently developed SMAP INRAE-BORDEAUX (SMAP-IB) was conducted in tropical areas from 2015 to 2020. The investigation was implemented by using in situ observations, and expanded by the Triple Collocation Analysis (TCA) and double instrumental variable (IVd) methods. The results revealed that all the five L-band SSM products show a good capacity to estimate SSM in most moderately vegetated areas of the tropical areas while they exhibit some uncertainties in dense vegetation (e.g., rainforests). The SSM climatology of the five L-band products in rainforests agreed generally well with that of in situ measurements especially for SMOS-IC ( R  = 0.75), followed by SMAP-IB ( R  = 0.72). Notably, the newly developed SMAP-IB shows satisfactory performance in the tropics with the highest R of 0.73 and the smallest unbiased root mean square difference (ubRMSD) of 0.041 m 3 /m 3 from the study based on in situ SM data, and R of >0.81 from the combined TCA/IVd method in most vegetation conditions. SMAP-DCA SSM demonstrates comparable performance to SMAP-SCA-V ( R  = 0.66) from the in situ based analysis. This study is expected to deepen our understanding on the skill of L-band SSM products in tropical areas and further promote possible upgrades in algorithms and applications in these regions.