Effects of benthivorous fish disturbance on chlorophyll a contents in water and the growth of two submersed macrophytes with different growth forms under two light regimes

Low underwater light availability and benthivorous fish-mediated disturbance are two important factors that influence the growth of submersed macrophytes. However, the combined effects of these factors remain unclear. To determine the combined effects of low light and fish-mediated disturbance on the growth of two submersed macrophytes with contrasting growth forms, i.e., Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata, we conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment with a two-by-two factorial design. The experiment involved two fish-mediated disturbance levels (0 and 1 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus ) crossed with two levels of light intensity (ambient light and a low-light environment created by culturing the macrophytes under a shelter). The results showed that the chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in the overlying water showed no difference among treatments for each macrophyte species. The fish-mediated disturbance significantly decreased the relative growth rate (RGR) of both species in the low-light environment but showed no effects in the ambient light environment. Low light availability and/or fish-mediated disturbance led to increased plant heights of both species compared with the heights under the ambient light regime. Low light availability combined with fish-mediated disturbance significantly reduced the ramet number and soluble carbohydrate (SC) content of both species; however, the free amino acid (FAA) content was not affected. Compared to V. natans, H. verticillata exhibited a high RGR and high ramet numbers in a low-light environment combined with fish-mediated disturbance. Our results indicated that the adaptability of H. verticillata is better than that of V. natans in turbid, shallow and hydrostatic water. Fish-mediated disturbance can negatively influence submersed macrophyte recovery in lakes when light is not abundant.