Hierarchical self-assembly of squaraine and silica nanoparticle functionalized with cationic coordination sites for near infrared detection of ATP

Optical activity of hierarchical supramolecular assemblies based on organic dyes would create multiple functional architectures. In this work, three kinds of silica nanoparticles with or without functional groups were synthesized. For the first time, silica nanoparticles can induce positively charged squaraine (SQ) to aggregate to form supramolecular assemblies. Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) as building blocks was absorbed on the surface of silica nanoparticles through metal-anion coordination and electrostatic interactions, in which the aggregates of SQ was transferred to monomer. The thickness being composed of ATP and SQ on the outside of nanoparticles is about 5 nm. These supramolecular assemblies showed selective turn-on fluorescence response to ATP in near infrared (NIR) region over other ions through metal-anion coordination and electrostatic interactions. These functional silica nanoparticles possessing many advantages provide proof-of-principle "seed crystals" for construction of supramolecular assemblies and platforms for sensing with facile performance.