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Three-dimensional hard carbon matrix for sodium-ion battery anode with superior-rate performance and ultralong cycle life

Journal of Materials Chemistry A, ISSN: 2050-7496, Vol: 3, Issue: 46, Page: 23403-23411
2015
  • 90
    Citations
  • 0
    Usage
  • 64
    Captures
  • 0
    Mentions
  • 0
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Metric Options:   Counts1 Year3 Year

Metrics Details

  • Citations
    90
    • Citation Indexes
      90
  • Captures
    64

Article Description

Taking advantage of sodium polyacrylate, composed of interlaced carbon chains and inorganic functional groups (-COONa) uniformly grafted onto the carbon chains, a three-dimensional hard carbon matrix (3DHCM) has been obtained. The resultant material is composed of three-dimensional macroporous interconnected networks of carbon nanosheets (thickness, 5-30 nm). The 3DHCM has been studied as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. The unique three-dimensional porous structure results in a high initial charge capacity of 341 mA h g, stable cycling capacity of 232.8 mA h g (after 100 cycles, 50 mA g), superior-rate performance (stable capacities of 210, 197, 128 and 112 mA h g at 200, 500, 5000, 8000 mA g, respectively) and ultralong cycle life (116 mA h g at 4 A g after 3000 cycles). At the same time, an increase in the trend of the sloping capacity percentage at total discharge is observed. More obvious "graphitic" domains with larger interplanar spacing (∼0.46 nm) were produced in the electrochemical cycles and detected using ex situ HRTEM, further confirming that the first higher-voltage region (above 0.1 V) should be attributed to the sodium insertion between the parallel graphene layers in the hard carbon. We also find that the electrolyte (1 M NaClO in PC) severely decomposes at the electrode/electrolyte interface during deep electrochemical cycles (6000 cycles), resulting in the deterioration of the electrode and fast capacity fading. Furthermore, a roomerature sodium-ion full cell was constructed using 3DHCM as an anode and NaV(PO)/C as a cathode, (-) 3DHCM1 M NaClO in PCNaV(PO)/C (+), delivering a discharge capacity of 90 mA h g at a current density of 500 mA g. We believe that our findings will be helpful in speeding up the development of roomerature high-rate, long life and low cost sodium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage systems, and even as alternatives to lithium-ion batteries.

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